Organizational Management Essay Example

Hierarchical Management Essay 1. Center premises of old style and neoclassical hypotheses of hierarchical administration There are a few center premises each for both the old style and neoclassical points of view of authoritative administration †with similitudes and contrasts between the two ways of thinking. The old style point of view is portrayed by its key suppositions that an) Organizations’ reason for existing is to accomplish yield related and monetary objectives, b) The logical technique is the way to finding the best authoritative structure for the previously mentioned objectives, c) Job specialization and division of work amplify creation, and d) Rational financial standards direct how individuals and associations act (Jang, Ott, Shafritz 2005:28). The quintessential traditional scholars incorporate Max Weber, Henri Fayol, Fredrick Taylor, and Luther Gulick. Weber portrayed administration as the perfect hierarchical structure for objectivity and proficiency with the attributes of obviously characterized rules, generic quality, chain of command/levels of power, and preparing of representatives (Jang, Ott, Shafritz 2005:73-74). Fayol enunciated general standards of the board †attributes under which the perfect association works which incorporate division of work, authority and duty, discipline, solidarity of order, solidarity of course, subjection of individual enthusiasm to general intrigue, and compensation of staff (Jang, Ott, Shafritz 2005:48-52). We will compose a custom exposition test on Organizational Management explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now We will compose a custom article test on Organizational Management explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer We will compose a custom article test on Organizational Management explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer Taylor (1915) supported what he called â€Å"scientific management†, a way of thinking where the logical strategy applies to the administration of an association and the laborers in that to build efficiency. So careful was Taylor in his idea of applying logical proof to plant employments, that he directed â€Å"time studies† in which a stopwatch was utilized to time a worker’s movements †the thought being there is one best strategy for playing out any physical undertaking. NetMBA 2002-2010) Perhaps less profoundly, Taylor additionally upheld for cautious determination and preparing of laborers by the board, just as the natural old style guideline of partitioning work as per specialization. Gulick (1937) considered the benefits of building an association starting from the top and the base up; and contributed his concept of sorting out the official as indicated by his abbreviation â€Å"POSDCORB†: Planning, Organizing, Staffing, Directing, Coordinating, Reporting, and Budgeting (Jang, Ott, Shafritz 2005:86). Gulick portrayed the elements of this abbreviation as in a perfect world being partitioning among the official †wherein the official isn't only the CEO, however different workplaces and divisions including the boss executive’s private secretary (Jang, Ott, Shafritz 2005:86). The neoclassical hypothesis of hierarchical administration acknowledges the fundamental precepts of old style hypothesis yet adds a few focuses to challenge and develop it. These focuses are a) The human factor in associations: How individuals in the association will help out one another in an association and the amount they will be focused on hierarchical qualities and objectives †especially in the unthinking, bureaucratic authoritative model Weber built, b) The significance of inside outside hierarchical relations, and c) Decision-production forms (Jang, Ott, Shafritz 2005:88). The human factor in associations was investigated by Barnard (1938), who underscored the significance of inspiring specialists appropriately to work inside an agreeable hierarchical framework. Barnard verbalized a strategy for impetuses that gave more thought to inspiring components, for example, open door for force, position, and distinction, gainful social connections at work, more noteworthy interest in dynamic, than to money related pay. Hidden suspicions about human instinct of old style and neoclassical hypothesis The traditional school accept that associations are essentially worried about substantial, monetary prizes (benefits), and that associations ought to be developed by the general as well as logical administration standards plot prior so as to amplify hierarchical profitability and effectiveness. Individuals are persuaded fundamentally by cash; other spurring components, for example, feeling of achievement and associations with colleagues are moderately irrelevant. Old style hypothesis expect that each piece of an association (administration/the executives and laborers) must have unmistakably characterized jobs that must be clung to, and participation between every one of these sections is significant in ensuring the authoritative objectives are being reached. Neoclassical hypothesis concurs with old style hypothesis insofar that conomic/budgetary prizes are to be sure a major inspiration for associations, their pioneers, and their creation laborers †however uncovered the traditional theorists’ clarification (or scarcity in that department) of the significance of human relations and gathering elements in the hierarchical setting. Neoclassical hypothesis considers to a degree the impacts of association on people †especially specialist participation and inspira tion, just as coordination among pioneers and managerial units. One such neoclassical scholar, Robert Merton (1957, 1985), contended that organizations repress singular opportunity and innovativeness and refers to Thorstein Veblen’s thought of â€Å"trained incapacity†, John Dewey’s thought of â€Å"occupational psychosis†, and Daniel Warnotte’s hypothesis of â€Å"professional deformation† to show his point (Jang, Ott, Shafritz 2005:104). Another purpose of contradiction among old style and neoclassical scholars originates from the idea of rules and techniques in associations. This apparent extreme matchless quality of formal guidelines and systems was tested by Merton, who contended that conventional standards and techniques lead to overconformity: Formalism, even ceremony, follows with an unchallenged emphasis on exacting adherence to formalized methodology. This might be misrepresented to where essential worry with adjustment to the standards meddles with the accomplishment of the motivations behind the association An outrageous result of this procedure of uprooting of objectives is the bureaucratic virtuoso, who always remembers a solitary guideline restricting his activity and subsequently can't help a considerable lot of his customers. Merton through Jang, Ott, Shafritz 2005:106) Thus, neoclassical hypothesis offers assurance to human flexibility as per circumstance, notice that rules and techniques regularly prohibit individuals in hierarchical settings from practicing their best judgment. To fortify this point, this is as a distinct difference to t he traditional view that rules, methodology, and jobs in an association as indicated by work specialization direct, or if nothing else continually manage, the practices and cooperations of individuals in the association. Fundamentally, neoclassical hypothesis places more confidence in singular judgment and carefulness than does old style hypothesis, while putting less accentuation on the significance of sane objectives like cash to associations and esteeming more worth arranged authoritative objectives and activities. Similar remains constant for individuals: Classical hypothesis suggests that individuals are extremely just in it for the cash while neoclassical hypothesis says cash is only one spurring factor †there are additionally impetuses, for example, pride, social connections at work, and increased obligation and dynamic force that are incredible helpers for working individuals. Precision of presumptions and ampleness in clarifying contemporary hierarchical elements and successful administration Both the traditional hypothesis and neoclassical hypothesis are satisfactory in certain regards while deficient in others, and a portion of each is both mutual and elite between the two particular perspectives. The old style standards of division of work and specialization of work as intends to expand profitability and effectiveness were creative at that point and still to a great extent remain constant today. Numerous organizations today isolate their workforce by expertise/capability into various jobs/offices inside the organization. For instance, about each vehicle fabricating organization today utilizes the mechanical production system fabricating framework, in which get together laborers each have an errand or a particular arrangement of undertakings, and they are (both the laborers and their assignments) are consecutively requested. On account of the average car sequential construction system, the frame is made first, at that point the body is added to the skeleton, and afterward the inside is characterized with seating, hardware, and so forth. Clearly, these are wide advances that contain littler errands inside, and processing plant hardware helps proficiency a lot (particularly given how much innovation has progressed over the previous century), however partition of work is as yet fit as a fiddle today. Taylor’s hypothesis of logical administration was exceptionally compelling time permitting and still is today. In Taylor’s time, Henry Ford received logical administration as depicted by Taylor in his production lines (the sequential construction system being the most remarkable indication of Taylor’s standards in real life), and even families began to do their family errands dependent on the consequences of time and movement contemplates (NetMBA. com 2002-2010). Taylor’s standards can be found in real life today, especially in the cheap food administration industry where accomplishing productivity is imperative to meet client desires. A glaring deficiency of old style hypothesis, for this situation Taylor’s logical administration, is that it regards laborers as instruments rather than people. As expressed previously, there is a

Medical Ethics Essays - Science, Knowledge, Philosophy, Free Essays

Clinical Ethics Essays - Science, Knowledge, Philosophy, Free Essays Clinical Ethics Clinical Ethics ? Bioethics contain each conceivable part of human services, clinical, good, social, political, strict, legitimate and monetary? (Weiss 3). This incorporates the inquiries raised by new research. It investigates the consequences of that exploration that is utilized on patients. It contemplates contemporary thoughts of individual flexibility and human pride. It manages development in clinical administrations accessible in the United States and the soaring expense. Bioethics likewise manages the clinical advances in innovation that has reshaped customary clinical morals. Clinical morals have changed definitely over a time of years. From old instructions to new rules, rules that give basic system, great analyses that challenge that structure, or even how things are characterized in clinical morals. ?Clinical advancement goes on, and the hazards of progress must be paid attention to? (Leone 165). Changing occasions have thusly changed our codes of morals. There are five o ld instructions of morals and five new rules of morals. These edicts originate from numerous long periods of intensely exhorted directs from different individuals. A rule by definition is, ? ... a direct or an unequivocally educated piece concerning exhortation? (Halsey 201). The principal customary edict is, ? Treat all human life as of equivalent worth? (Vocalist 190). This announcement is extremely hard to follow; basically no individual accepts this announcement entire heartedly. The announcement bodes well on paper or simply being heard, however its application in life is practically difficult to guarantee. In contrast with the main old ethic, the principal new ethic states, ?Recognize that the value of human life differs? (Vocalist 190). This announcement takes into account variety and bearableness in the public arena. It gives path for somebody to state, if an individual is a vegetable, has no imperative abilities, this person?s life is of no value any longer. Without this ki nd of progress in today?s propelling human advancement, it would make it morally wrong to ?reassess? (Rothstein 1698.) The following instruction of old morals is, ? Never deliberately take honest human life? (Vocalist 192). On the off chance that a specialist or any human services proficient just remained by during the introduction of a youngster and both the kid and the mother were biting the dust, how could that specialist remain there and watch both the mother and the baby bite the dust without making some strategy for move. In any case, if that doctor were to spare either persistent while relinquishing the life of the other, that human services proficient would be viewed as unscrupulous and disdained by the standard of this moral precept. In examination, the new charge states, ?Take obligation regarding the outcomes of your decisions?(Singer 195). By the token of this affirmation a doctor can settle on a decision dependent on his/her best judgment, yet; be considered responsible for their activities. This enables a specialist to utilize his/her best judgment and educated abilities, to do what they accept is best for the patient. This announcement takes into account a person?s option to unrestrained choice, even an individual who is a Christian may all the more completely concur with this announcement only for the unadulterated explanation that they need to accept more in God?s guarantee of through and through freedom in their life. Decree number four states,? Be productive and increase? (Vocalist 198). This scriptural directive has been a piece of Christian morals for a great many years. ? Augustine said that sex without reproduction ' transforms the wedding chamber into a house of ill-repute (Singer 198). A few laws in America concerning contraceptives made due until the mid-1960?s when the Supreme Court proclaimed them intrusion of protection (Madsen 325). The overhauled instruction number four, ?Bring kids into the world in particular on the off chance that they are needed? (Artist 199), considers populace control just as avoidance of youngsters who were rarely needed and not adored. From 1930 when the populace was two billion to today where the populace is more than five billion and is relied upon to transcend eleven billion by the center of the following century. With these sorts of insights modified directs, for example, this fourth one, are basic. The last of these five old charges state, ? Treat all human life as in every case more valuable than any non-human life? (Artist 201). On the off chance that we contrast a seriously blemished human newborn child and a

Libor Scandal 2014

Question: Consider the libor embarrassment 2014 which numerous banks of the uk banks were associated with .investigate the reasons for this outrage and assess the effect? Answer: Presentation: Libor represents the London Interbank Offered Rate. It is the rate at which banks can acquire assets from one another. Beforehand it was known as BBA Libor (for British Bankers Association). Libor is commonly characterized as a benchmark loan cost through which banks can loan unbound assets to one another. This rate is likewise distributed by the British Bankers Association. Libor is determined against ten unique monetary standards and fifteen distinct developments that is the reason Libor is considered as a worldwide benchmark to loan momentary financing costs. Eighteen banks took an interest for the US Dollar Libor. The Libor rate being a worldwide benchmark, it is utilized for giving home loans, credits and other budgetary items exchanged far and wide. In this way an endeavor was made to make the present market for work rate. That prompted increment in the benefits and it made a bit of leeway over others. The work Scandal emerged with the way that banks began getting mindful about loaning advances to each other and this reason prompted expanding Libor rate. The higher the rate that they were charged to obtain, the almost certain a bank was to fall. Libor rate influenced the worldwide obtaining on the grounds that numerous banks utilized Libor as a base rate against financing costs on corporate and purchaser credits. As indicated by US Commodities Future Trading Commission, many trillions of dollars were connected to Libor which included auto and home advances. It was additionally imperative to take note of that banks engaged with protections business were bound to come up short. From realities it was seen that 5000 banks flopped in the 1920s.During the Great Depression over 25% banks fizzled and even some were shut down. Banks associated with the LIBOR Scandal: The American banks those were incorporated as the board for fixing US dollars was The Bank of America, JP Morgan Chase and Citibank, NA. Aside from this 16 other non-US banks were associated with the US dollar fixing in London. These banks are: HSBC, Bank of Tokyo-Mitsubishi UFJ Ltd, and of Nova Scotia, BNP Paribas, Barclays, Deutsche Bank, Credit Agricole CIB, Credit Suisse, Rabobank, Royal bank of Canada, Lloyds TSB Bank plc, UBS AG, The Royal bank of Scotland gathering, The Norinchukin Bank, Sumitomo Mitsui Banking Corporation (Hou, 2015). Reasons for Libor Scandal: The LIBOR Scandal was gotten by the GFC so that Barclays could keep up its financial soundness in the market. It was additionally discovered that the control was not simply limited to the directors and merchants in Barclays, yet in addition took into account different banks in US too throughout the years. The LIBOR outrage was brought about by the controllers and rebel representatives who even represent a stop to the legislature too. This embarrassment was considered as a type of value fixing. The response to the reason for this issue was suspecticious in light of the nearness of ideological groups and issues. There were no standard working techniques and they didn't submit to the law (https://www.clpuk.co.uk, 2015). Discussion of the Libor Scandal: There was a discussion with this embarrassment that controls was finished by Barclays in the cost entries that lead to cutting back of their budgetary wellbeing and along these lines they couldn't make any benefit out of it. It was additionally brought up that dealers were set in the middle of with direct correspondence and this made the brokers to be influenced. This carried a knowledge by the brokers to set the work rates according to comfort (Claudio, 2014). Effect of the Libor Scandal: LIBOR had following effect on the financings in the US. Libor chooses the pace of premium that can be balanced alongside private home loans utilized, for example, guarantee for subsidiary protections which are sold both in the private and open commercial centers. It likewise sets the pace of enthusiasm for the following time frame by which drifting bonds can be sold inside or outside US. The exceptional bonds are fundamentally to be recovered as and when the worldwide financings are given. All the procedures of the bonds are coordinated of the guarantor in Guaranteed Investment Contracts (GICs). This was a piece of the speculation offered by budgetary assistance organizations. There were two principle types of control that were found. Right off the bat merchants were recognized to ask Barclays workers to change their rates. Furthermore activities were taken to improve the financial wellbeing controlling the rates descending. It was anticipated that the new rate estimation will be founded on expanding paces of loan fee in the market. It was likewise proposed to make the rates straightforward in the market for global use (LBC, 2015). Punishments for the Libor Scandal: Certain measure of fine was forced against control of the Libor rates. Barclays Bank was fined $200 million by the Commodity Futures exchanging Commission, the United States Department of Justice fined $160 million and 59.5 Euros by the Financial Services Authority. During the worldwide budgetary emergency of 2007-2012, the loan fees were made lower (When the Bollinger financiers' air pockets burst, 2013). Guideline and Sanctions made by the administration on Libor Scandal: There was a need of work rate control that was accounted for by the Wall Street Journal in 2011. It was essential for the legislature to roll out fundamental improvements in type of corrections to the Parliament or Banking Reform Bill. The administration needed to control the validity of LIBOR by formally supplanting British Banking Association as operational chairman and this additionally reestablish the notoriety of LIBOR in advertise (Horton, 2012). Procedure and motivation behind how banks set their LIBOR rates: The way toward fixing or setting the LIBOR rates is straightforward and basic as indicated by the BBA LIBOR 2013. Certain inquiries were brought up in the market as indicated by which the business was to be directed. It was additionally important to indicate the rate at which assets could be obtained which is before the market size also. All the commitment from the banks included are considered for creating the last Libor rate in the market inside every money. These last official rates are then distributed by Thomson Reutors who is considered as the assigned wholesaler of these rates. After that it is made accessible to a great many banks the world over (Voxeu.org, 2015). The authority LIBOR rates are utilized by the banks itself as benchmarks for the clients as well as aides in the settlement of agreements. For instance developing loan fee contracts on subsidiaries trades. In this way Libor rate is considered as an indispensable component of the universal monetary arrangement of world. The subsequent stage is to make profit these rates to be checked and analyzed by the Foreign Exchange and Money Market Committee. The sub advisory groups assume a significant job in deciding and settling important issues identified with the disciplinary activities and LIBOR accommodation process too. It was resolved that there was a straightforward figuring system that was broadly utilized and considered as quality for over-the-counter subsidiaries. Job of Libor in the Commercial Sector: The pretended by the LIBOR rate was for the most part to fill in as a benchmark rate for financing of advances and assets over the world. The rate was utilized as an obligation instrument to the corporate securities and government, charge cards, advances given to the understudies, and furthermore as a subordinate to other money related items. It additionally assists with computing the present condition of the financial framework that is being worked on the planet (Yeung, 2013). Effect of LIBOR on its own business and buyers: Libor rate turned into a focal point of noteworthiness in deciding the credit strategies. It represents a degree of certainty that banks have on each other. The rate at which banks charge on credits and home loans relies upon the capacity at which banks can fund-raise too. On the off chance that there is a sure increment in the level of pounds it can add to many family units. In the event that banks can acquire all the more efficiently, at that point there is no compelling reason to offer great returns. For instance in the event that the base rate was 2 percent, at that point Libor would be 2.1 percent (BBC News, 2013). It is extremely basic for a buyer to realize which rates are tied up with Libor. Shoppers must know the first terms and conditions for it. The Libor rate influenced the money related markets too. It was essential for the banks to know to think about the genuine acquiring and loaning rates. The national bank ought to have observed the rates appropriately as Libor does. The new temporary workers needed an exchange based benchmark for the Libor component to work alongside the current contractual workers also. Libor was presently considered as an instrument to check how solid a bank is and it likewise portrays which banks are regarded with poor budgetary wellbeing (Gatarek, Bachert and Maksymiuk, 2006). End: It tends to be inferred that proposals should have been given for improving the rates forced by the Libor rate that can be executed in UK sooner rather than later. The Libor Scandal contention decreased the conditions of the market action and this prompted trading of list for the time being. This helped banks to make transient exchanges. It was likewise important to guarantee an increasingly dependable benchmarking framework that would improve the subsidizing expenses of the banks. This additionally empowered to give a lawful angle to make it progressively straightforward and open to the monetary business. References BBC News, (2013).Timeline: Libor-fixing outrage. [online] Available at: https://www.bbc.com/news/business-18671255 [Accessed 27 Feb. 2015]. Chamber on Foreign Relations, (2015).Understanding the Libor Scandal. [online] Available at: https://www.cfr.org/joined realm/understanding-libor-embarrassment/p28729 [Accessed 27 Feb. 2015]. Gatarek, D., Bachert, P. also, Maksymiuk, R. (2006).The LIBOR showcase model practically speaking. Chichester, England: John Wiley Sons. Worldwide Research, (201

Business Article Review - How to Write a Business Article Review

Business Article Review - How to Write a Business Article ReviewLooking to write a business article review? It can be a daunting task because there are so many fantastic tips out there, but it doesn't have to be that way.Business articles are there to help others by showing them how to better their business and build upon their reputation. With so many out there, how do you go about writing a proper article review? Do you really know what works best and what doesn't? What are some of the best business article review articles that you can use to help you gain more business?First of all, make sure you have an idea of what you are writing. That means that you are aware of the correct format for a business article review and what language to use. It also means that you are aware of the vital information that is included in the article. Once you know how to write, writing business article review articles is easy.There are several resources available for business article review. There are eBooks, training courses, and even free resources. Most free resources can be a good way to go about your business article review. If you find a free resource that can give you some help, you can quickly get started. You can then modify the information that you find into something that will help other business owners.The Internet is a great place to look for tips. Many times, companies will post their articles in different article directories. You can go through those directories and find many great article directories that will help you with your article review. Some of the best free resources that you can find on the Internet are EzineArticles.com and News Unlimited.com. They offer free eBooks, videos, and training courses that will help you with your business article review.You may be skeptical of spending money to help other business owners with their business article review. This is completely up to you. If you are feeling stuck, you can always pay for a service that will help you with your business article review. They can be helpful. There are also many articles out there that can help you out.Whether you decide to pay for a service or decide to write your own business article review, the important thing is that you know what it takes to get started. If you really want to see a great improvement in your business, you need to be willing to write and read.

Laissez Faire Lack of Government Interference in the...

Laissez Faire was policy that stated that the government should interfere as little as possible in the nations economy in the 1800s. This means that the government has little regulation in business and that businesses can operate in a purely free market. It had advocated individual self-interest and competition, and opposed the taxation and regulation of commerce by government. It had reached its peak during the age of industrialization in 1870s; a time when American manufacturing was made easier as factories were operated free handed. However, the governmental policy of Laissez Faire was in fact encouraged and continued by a direct government intervention. Not many know but government did include a big hand in the policy of Laissez Faire†¦show more content†¦For this, the government began to favor more, bigger businesses. The government was also involved in the Pullman Strike in 1894. The Pullman Strike was a nationwide conflict between labor unions and railroads. Pres ident Grover Cleveland sent the Marshals and US Army troops, commanded by Nelson Miles, to break the strike up between the labor unions and railroads. Therefore, the governmental policy of Laissez Fairewas in fact encouraged and continued by a direct government intervention, as they were the ones who help to end the conflict. During the 1800s as high protective tariff were passed, it had greatly helped the Northern factories and business by taxing the foreign goods. Another thing that helped business to grow and spread was when the US government had allowed immigrants to come into the nation. This had a vast influence as it helped to provide cheap labor for the factor owners. This allowed the North and the South to grow productively. Many did not realize but government was the one who was providing opportunities and was in fact encouraging economic development even during the time of Laissez faire. To make land cheaper for people to purchase and to grow business on, the US Congress has passed the Homestead Act in 1962. It had declared that any citizen could claim 160 acres but they must grow crops on it. The Homestead Act made settlement in the West feasible for many new immigrants. Even though theShow MoreRelatedThe Jacksonian Democratic Party And The Whig Party1770 Words   |  8 PagesDemocratic Party and the Whig Party each, exemplified different beliefs on the role of the federal government in the economy and towards westward expansion in the 1830s and 1840s. However, the Jacksonian, laissez faire supporting Democrats and the economic nationalistic Whig party shared almost no beliefs except for the removal of American Indians in the areas their supporters wished to settle. 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Substance Abuse and Addiciton A Very Brief History Essay...

Substance abuse can include any substance or substances such as alcohol, illegal drugs, prescription drugs, over the counter drugs, cigarettes etc. Any and all of these can become addictive to people very quickly. For years, people believed that addiction was a willful vice that they do to themselves. For years is has been viewed as an individual problem instead of a social problem. Americans today have many different views than 100 years ago about addiction, alcohol and drugs. In the early days of the 19th century, it was only a dream that a drug could save a life. Today drugs are used for specific treatments of specific diseases. However, they are also a multi billion-dollar business both legal and illegal that is not only saving†¦show more content†¦The fourth pharmacological revolution was the development of the oral contraceptive, which contributed to the sexual revolution, beginning to occur in the 1950’s and has not yet been stabilized. With oral contraceptives , they are not being used to prevent or treat disease but were being used by people to gain chemical control over their bodies. This may have helped pave the way for attempts to control emotion and thoughts by using chemistry. Drinking is okay, but drunkenness is not. Alcohol use was widely accepted since the time of first settlements. Due to Protestant reformers they discovered that drunkenness was viewed as a serious problem, often punished by putting a man in stocks for such an offense. Clearly the blame was on the sinner, not the alcohol itself. The view of alcohol as a cause of serious problems began in America soon after the American Revolution. Some people even to this day view alcohol as the devil of the demon. The first psychoactive substance to become demonized in American culture was alcohol. It led the way for similar views concerning cocaine, heroin, and marijuana. We are referring to a tendency to view a substance as an active (sometimes almost purposeful) source of evil, damaging everything it touches. This causes society to simply view it as â€Å"bad† and to seek to eliminate it. History of Substance Abuse Prevention Temperance Movement: 1784 Dr. Benjamin Rush wrote a book, The

Internet Spread the Uniformity of Cultures Essay Example For Students

Internet Spread the Uniformity of Cultures Essay The impact of the spread of the Internet on the uniformity of different cultures around the world Introduction With the development of Internet technology and enormous needs of networking around the world, the Internet is becoming dominant appliance in many sections such as business, communication and education. The spread of Internet in some degree has influenced uniformity of different cultures. However, cultures are not geography boundaries, they should not be considered as a result from spread of the Internet. Kaplan,2009) There are several reasons for the rapid spread of the Internet. Firstly, with the economic and technological developments in recent years, the spread of Internet around the world has sped up. Secondly, the improvement of networks makes the Internet more convenient and accessible such as wireless technology. Finally, with the rapid growth of people’s computer literacy and globalization needs, the Internet is becoming prevalent in business and daily commun ication around the world. Although there are numerous conveniences the Internet brought to our life, the spread of Internet in some degree influenced diversity or uniformity of different cultures around the world. In the following sections, we will focus on the causes and effects of uniformity of cultures resulted from the Internet and the importance of diversity of different cultures around the world. Main body The spread of Internet has resulted in the uniformity of cultures and with the coexistence of providing an opportunity for maintaining different cultures worldwide. The spread of Internet influenced the cultural globalization in several aspects such as business modes, communication, and education. There are several reasons of uniformity of cultures worldwide. Firstly, the development of economic globalization has played an important role in last decades, which means e-business is becoming dominant in many countries and learning the global cultures especially western cultures for developing countries to grow international businesses is becoming important (Voiskounsky, 1996). Secondly, the spread of English influenced people around the world to use the Internet. With English is becoming the official language to communicate in international conferences and events, there are increasing numbers of people are learning English language and English speaking countries cultures around the world(Pollack, 1995). For example, there are a lot of academic articles and websites are in English, which means if people want to understand the information, they need to learn the language. During entering a webpage that just shows with English, it leads people want to learn this language. It is benefit for people to know about other cultures. Finally, the uniformity of different cultures around the world is mainly reflected in westernization. For example, American cultures of fast food and movies have a great impact on people around the world. However, the Internet has played an important role as a media to spread these cultures (Milner, 2003). The impact of the spread of Internet to the homogeneity of different cultures is beneficial to people around the world. Learning global cultures can help people around the world to communicate with different people and understand global issues such as human rights (Kaplan,2009). However, there are problems with the uniformity of different cultures because most people lost their local cultures when applying to global ones such as minority languages. The diversity of cultures would disappear around the world. The spread of the Internet resulted in the maintenance of culture diversity. Firstly, there are many websites are in their own languages, which means it is not necessary for people to learn English to browse the internet information. Next reason is because cultures are not passive objects; we could not expect people around the world to learn global culture through the Internet(Coffman and Odlyzko, 2001). Finally, people around the world communicate through the Internet in some way results in maintaining diversity of cultures. For example, people from different communities can participate various groups via Internet such as jazz music clubs or classic opera fans. The effects of maintaining cultural diversity are in two aspects. One is people would develop their local cultural; it is good for the development of diversity society rather than westernization world. The other one is local people with different cultures would compete with each other and possibly would cause society instability. Conclusion The spread of Internet has influenced the uniformity of different cultures especially demonstrated with global cultures. In the meantime, as a media for maintaining diversity cultures, the spread of Internet has impact for the result. However, cultures are not geography boundaries, therefore, the Internet has not significantly resulted in the uniformity or diversity of different cultures.